Air Pollution in Singapore: Its Multielemental Aspect as Measured by Nuclear Analytical Techniques

Aerosol samples were collected in 1994 in Singapore on two occasions: once in June during the normal meteorological conditions and later in October during a long haze period caused by the heavy forest fire in Indonesia. Filtration and impaction collection methods were used simultaneously so that detailed elemental analysis of bulk as well as of different size fractions could be performed. Accelerator based nuclear analytical techniques such as Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE), Rutherford Backscattering (RBS) and Nuclear Microscopy (NM) were used for analysis. These techniques are fast, truly multielemental and perfectly suited for routine analysis of a large number of aerosol samples. Typically all samples were analysed for the following 24 elements: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Br, Rb, Sr and Pb. Detection limits for bulk analysis were generally below ng/m3 and for single particle analysis absolute detectable mass was approximately 10-17 g. Additionally, trace elements such as Cd, Sn, Sb and Ba whose characteristic X-ray lines were normally "obscured" by the lines of other more abundant elements, were detected when analysing by nuclear microscope in single particle mode.Judging by the average concentrations of lead and sulphur which are good indicators of industrial component of air pollution the situation in Singapore is satisfactory. Pb was typically found in concentrations of 5 to 50 ng/m3 and sulphur in concentrations of 1 to 2 µg/m3. These concentrations are well below limits set by the World Health Organisation (1500 ng/m3 and 40 µg/m3, respectively). On the other hand during the haze period the average concentrations of elements like S, K, Ti, V, Mn, Ni, As and Pb were found to be 3 to 6 times higher than usual. Results are presented and discussed.     

我国土地资源利用的几个战略问题

我国人均资源占有量远低于世界水平,资源供应日益紧缺,并将成为经济发展的一个重要的约束条件。从土地资源的潜力来看,我国土地理论的最高人口承载量可能是15—16亿人,并在相当长的时期内将处于临界状态。关键在于控制人口的增长和在农业方面采取超常规的增产措施,特别是大幅度增加农业投入。我国土地生产潜力东部大于西部,粮食生产的重点应放在中部地带。20亿亩耕地是我国国土资源的精华所在,种植业的主攻方向应放在中产田,并大力加强我国九片商品粮基地的建设。林业建设的战略重点应尽快转向山区。牧业应发展饲料生产,开辟新的饲料基地。从总体看,应强调发展资源节约型的农业,以内涵挖潜为主,向生产的深度和广度进军。     

金属对催化还原DDT的降解产物及其反应机制的研究

本报告介绍DDT经金属对处理后降解产物的分析鉴定和有关反应机制的初步研究。 降解产物主要是用气相色谱—质谱联用分析鉴定的。水溶液中的DDT用Cu-Zn金属对还原其降解产物经鉴定是DDD、DDMS、DDE_t,它们是DDT分子脱去烷基碳原子上不同数目的氯原子的产物。而在Cu-Fe金属对作用下,水溶液中的DDT的还原则是同时得到四种不同类型的产物。它们是DDT脱去烷基碳原子上的1个和3个氯原子的DDD和DDE_t;DDT脱氯、氧化产物DBP和DBH;DDT脱去HCI生成的DDE;两个DDT分子二聚脱氯的产物TTTB和TTDB。 实验证明金属对对DDT的作用是催化还原反应,金属对起着催化剂和还原剂双重作用。通过实验结果对DDT在金属对作用下的反应机制进行了初步探讨。     

重庆城市餐厨垃圾管理对策的初步研究

餐厨垃圾对环境的污染和人们身心健康的危害日益显现,重庆市对餐厨垃圾的统一管理与处置基本还处于空白状态.本文介绍了国内外餐厨垃圾管理的政策和措施,剖析重庆城市餐厨垃圾污染的现状及原因,进而提出全市餐厨垃圾管理的总体思路,并着重从健全法律法规体系、转变政府管理职能、建立市场化机制及引导公众参与等方面提出了相应的对策建议.     

抚顺市地表水系特征与污染源分析

掌握了解水系和水污染源状况，以便更好地控制水污染、保护水环境、合理利用水资源。发展工农业生产等具有重要战略意义。对抚顺市水系和水污染源进行了调查，结果表明：发源于抚顺市的河流5条，分别属于辽河水系、鸭绿江水系和黑龙江水系。水库120座，工业废水排放总量为4752．0975t／a。     

久效磷对海洋微藻毒性机理的初步研究III.超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的变化

报道了久效磷对3种海洋微藻细胞内2种清除活性氧的关键性酶--超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的影响.结果显示:1.在久效磷的胁迫下,扁藻和三角褐指藻细胞的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均表现出下降的总变化趋势,而叉鞭金藻细胞的SOD活性时而上升,时而下降,在整个胁迫过程中呈现出无规律性的变化.2.随着久效磷胁迫时间的延长,3种微藻细胞的过氧化物酶活性均逐渐下降,表现出相同的变化规律性.这说明不同的藻种,久效磷对其细胞内酶活性的影响不尽相同.推测超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的降低是微藻细胞内过量产生活性氧,进而引起藻细胞膜脂过氧化伤害的主要原因之一.     

兰州西固地区光化学烟雾污染气质模式

以兰州西固地区为研究对象,建立了描述该地区光化学烟雾污染的大气质量模拟模式——柱子模式。将该模式与实测数据进行了比较,结果表明,该模式基本上能够定量地描述当地所发生的光化学烟雾污染的主要污染物的时空分布及形成过程,可为污染评价、预测及污染治理提供依据。     

土壤中砷的原子荧光法测定

将土壤粉末均匀稳定地悬浮于0.15％～0.2％琼脂溶胶中,采用悬浮样品直接进样,氢化物发生—非色散原子荧光法,测定其砷含量。以柠檬酸—NaOH缓冲液控制试样pH4.7,测定As~(3+);以HCl、KI和抗坏血酸还原As~(5+)为As~(3+),测定总砷量;用差减法求得As~(5+)含量。方法应用于测定不同类型土壤时,相对标准偏差为1％～6％,回收率为85％～106％。     

Developing sediment quality criteria for heavy metal pollution in the Le An River with equilibrium partitioning approach

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PSA处理含氟矿井水的研究

研究了用聚硅酸铝混凝剂处理煤矿含氟矿井水，处理后，氟，ＳＳ和ＣＯＤ的去除率分别为８８％，９８．５％和９６．８％，处理后的水质可用于矿井除尘或生活用水。